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''Alexandrium fundyense'' is a dinoflagellate. It produces toxins that induce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), and is a common cause of red tide. ''A. fundyense'' regularly forms massive blooms along the northeastern coasts of the United States and Canada (;,〔ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE, G.J., GALLAGHER, J.C. & BALECH, E. 1994 Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada; Marine Biology, 120: 467-478.〕〔Martin, J.L., Page, F.H., Hanke, A., Strain, P.M., LeGresley, M.M., 2005. Alexandrium fundyense vertical distribution patterns during 1982, 2001 and 2002 in the offshore Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. Deep Sea Res. Part II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 52 (19–21), 2569–2592.〕 resulting in enormous economic losses and public health concerns.〔Anderson, D.M., Kaoru, Y., White, A.W., 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report. WHOI-2000-11. p. 97.〕 Enzyme electrophoretic data 〔HAYHOME, B.A., ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M. & WHITTEN, D.J. 1989 Variation among congeneric dinoflagellates from the northeastern United States and Canada. I. Enzyme electrophoresis; Marine Biology, 101: 427-435.〕 and RNA genetic analysis 〔SCHOLIN, C.A. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). I. RFLP analysis of SSU rRNA genes; Journal of Phycology, 30: 744-754.〕〔SCHOLIN, C.A., HERZOG, M., SOGIN, M. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene; Journal of Phycology, 30: 991-1011. 〕 show ''Alexandrium fundyense'' and ''A. tamarense'' to be closely related, while mating compatibilities even suggest them to be varieties of a single heterothallic species.〔ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE, G.J., GALLAGHER, J.C. & BALECH, E. 1994 Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada; Marine Biology, 120: 467-478.〕 Recent molecular work shows that this species belongs to the ''Alexandrium tamarense'' complex (Atama complex, including ''A. tamarense'', ''Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium catenella'') and that none of the three original morphospecies designations forms monophyletic groups in the present SSUbased and previous LSU-based 〔Lilly, E.L., Halanych, K.M., Anderson, D.M., 2007. Species boundaries and global biogeography of the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 43 (6), 1329–1338.〕 phylogenetic trees, i.e. these species designations are invalid. This currently needs further investigation.〔Lilibeth N. Miranda, Yunyun Zhuang, Huan Zhang, Senjie Lin, 2012. Phylogenetic analysis guided by intragenomic SSU rDNA polymorphism refines classification of ‘‘Alexandrium tamarense’’ species complex. Harmful Algae 16: 35-48.〕 Formation of dinocysts was observed in grazing experiments with oysters.〔Persson A., Smith B.C., Wikfors, G.H., Quilliam, M., 2006. Grazing on toxic Alexandrium fundyense resting cysts and vegetative cells by the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 678–684.〕 The cyst dynamics of this species have been studied in the Gulf of Maine.〔Anderson D. M., Stock C. A., Keafer B. A., et al. Alexandrium fundyense cyst dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. Deep Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2005a;52:2522-2542.〕 Genetic studies of bloom development of this species show rapid selection occurring at a timescale of a few weeks.〔Erdner DL, Richlen M, McCauley LAR, Anderson DM (2011) Diversity and Dynamics of a Widespread Bloom of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022965〕 ==References== (Encyclopedia of Life entry on ''Alexandrium fundyense'' ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexandrium fundyense」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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